Characterization of the Modified and Ambient Lower Ionosphere for HAARP using VLF diagnostics :
It is well documented that localized conductivity perturbations in the D region cause scattering of VLF waves propagating in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. These disturbances are generally caused by localized changes in electron density or temperature.
VLF signals scattered from these disturbed regions add to the direct signal from distant transmitters to cause amplitude and phase changes in the total received signal.
Experiments by Jones et al., Dowden et al., Barr et al., and Bell et al. indicate that ionospheric disturbances produced by powerful HF heaters can generate readily measurable changes in the amplitude and the phase of subionospheric VLF signals propagating near the heater. Several different HF heating facilities located at Platteville, Colorado, at Ramfjordmoen, in Norway, and the HAARP facility in Gakona, Alaska have been used in the past to study this effect.
Since the VLF amplitude and phase perturbations are produced by D-region perturbations, a set of amplitude and phase measurements can be used to characterize the perturbed D-region.
Below are some results from Bell et al., experiment from the 1992 HIPAS campaign. This experiment uses the VLF amplitude and phase measured at Fort Yukon, Alaska, transmitted at 23.4 kHz from NPM, Hawaii. The HIPAS heater creates a disturbed region close to the great circle path between NLK and FY.
Figure 1 shows VLF data recorded on 30th of September 1992. The HIPAS heater is turned on for 100 milliseconds and turned off for the next 400 milliseconds. This cycle with a period of half a second is recorded for 28 minutes. The superposed epoch analysis shown in the middle panel is obtained by dividing the data in the upper panel into 500 millisecond segments that are subsequently summed and averaged. Thus we get a single 500 ms result. The first 100 milliseconds consists of the superposition of the direct signal and the scattered signal from heated ionosphere over the HIPAS HF heater, while the next 400 milliseconds is the direct VLF signal from NPM. There is a clear amplitude increase of about .18 dB due to the scattered signal. The spectral analysis also clearly shows the peaks at 2Hz and its harmonics. Click for a larger image Click for a lager image FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
Figure 2 shows a similar analysis done for the phase of the VLF signal and we can see that there is a phase difference of -4.5 degrees. This phase difference is again due to the scattered signal from the heated region.
The aim of the HAARP project is to characterize the Modified and Ambient Lower Ionosphere for HAARP using VLF diagnostics. The basis of the VLF diagnostic depends on the described amplitude and phase changes in the VLF signal.
For this purpose, 3 VLF signals will be used transmitted at three different frequencies. NAA transmits at 24.0 kHz from 44:65 N 67:28 W. The signal will be received at Wasilla (61:34 N, 149:27 W). NLK (48:20 N 121:91W) transmits at 24.8 kHz. The signal is received at Healy (63:48 N , 149 W). NPM (21:41 N, 158:15 W) signal transmitted at 23.4 kHz is received at Delta Jcn (64:03 N, 145.42 W). The receiving sites are chosen such that the propagation path of the VLF signal passes through the heated region by the HAARP system which is simply shown by the red circle in the following figures.
The 6 measurements (3 amplitude and 3 phase) of VLF signal is used to diagnose the modified temperature profile. The following diagram explaind the method implemented in the inversion of VLF data.
Here is an example of superposed epoch analysis showing the NLK VLF transmitter signal being modified by the HAARP transmitter. During the 15 minutes of modulation, there is clearly a 25 Hz signal superimposed on top of the received amplitude. The same analysis is applied to the following 15 minutes, when the modulation was off.
FIGURE 6
During the HAARP campaign during 8 March 1999-28 March 1999 VLF signals will be continuously recorded at the sites and some more results will be posted in this WWW page.
The stations used in this campaign are listed below :
The HAARP IRI is a high power transmitter operating in the High Frequency (HF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many other high power installations operate in this band including other ionospheric research facilities and international broadcast stations. The following chart compares a few other such facilities with the HAARP IRI at various phases of its construction up to the final completed facility, the FIRI. Also see the chart of currently operating ionospheric interaction facilities showing their performance compared on a frequency basis.
The full name of each of these facilities is:
Arecibo (National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Puerto Rico)
The simplest antenna systems consist of a single antenna element, often in the form of a dipole or a loop. These simple antenna types generally have a broad radiation pattern such that radio signals are transmitted (or received) over a very large number of directions. This broad coverage may be desirable for some applications. Cellular telephones, for example, must be able to send and receive the conversation toward the nearest cellular tower no matter where the user may be located and without the user having to point the handset. As a result, the antenna used in this application (a form of dipole) has a very broad area of coverage.
For other applications, it may be possible to determine where the radio signal should be transmitted. For example, antennas used on commercial and DoD satellite systems are designed to transmit (and to receive) their radio signals toward the surface the Earth since that is where the users are. These satellites, often located at geostationary altitudes, use antennas with fairly narrow radiation patterns to maximize the power reaching the Earth and to minimize the power that is wasted by being transmitted in other directions.
The HF antenna system to be used for Active Ionospheric Research at the HAARP site will assist other facility instruments in the study the overhead ionosphere. As a result, it too has been designed to optimize or restrict the transmission pattern to lie within a narrow overhead region. To achieve this desirable antenna pattern, the HAARP system uses an “array” of individual antenna elements. The HAARP antenna array is similar or identical to many other types of directive antenna types in use for both military and civilian applications including air traffic control radar systems, long range surveillance systems, steerable communication systems and navigation systems.
Array Basics
Whenever two or more simple antenna structures (such as the individual dipoles used at HAARP) are brought together and driven from a source of power (a transmitter) at the same frequency, the resulting antenna pattern becomes more complex due to interference between the signals transmitted separately from each of the individual elements. At some points, this interference may be constructive causing the transmitted signal to be increased. At other points, the interference may be destructive causing a decrease or even a cancellation of transmitted energy in that direction.
Figure 1. An array of two dipole antennas.
In Figure 1 to the left, two dipole antennas are placed close to each other and excited with a transmitter. The transmitter’s power is split evenly between the two elements so that the excitations applied to each dipole are equal in amplitude and in phase. The resulting antenna pattern is narrower or sharper in the broadside direction than it would have been for either dipole alone. Moreover, the strength of the transmitted signal in the broadside direction (T1 in the figure), is stronger than the transmitted signal would have been for one dipole antenna with the same total transmitter power. The ratio of the strength of the signal at the pattern maximum (i.e. at T1) to the signal for a single antenna element is called the pattern gain. Pattern gain is accomplished at the expense of power transmitted in other directions. The strength of the signal off-broadside (T2 in the figure) would be weaker for the case of two dipoles (as shown) than it would have been for a single dipole.
The purpose of an antenna array is to achieve directivity, the ability to send the transmitted signal in a preferred direction. If a large number of array elements can be used, it is possible to greatly enhance the strength of the signal transmitted in a given direction while suppressing or even eliminating the signal transmitted in other directions.
Figure 2. An array of four dipole antennas. The pattern is sharper and sidelobes may be present.
By adding additional antenna elements, the pattern can be further narrowed. Figure 2, to the left, shows four dipole antennas placed near each other and excited from a single transmitter whose power has been equally split four ways such that the signals arriving at the dipoles are all of equal magnitude and all of the same phase. The pattern in this case is narrower than the previous example for two dipoles. Additionally, the strength of the signal in the broadside direction is stronger than the strength of the signal in the two dipole case (T3 > T1). Again this is accomplished by the removal of power that had been radiated in unwanted directions into the main, broadside direction or main lobe.Figure 2 also shows the appearance of lower level maxima or sidelobes in the total antenna pattern. Sidelobes are a characteristic feature of most complex antenna arrays. Sidelobes are generally undesirable characteristics of an antenna system and numerous techniques have been developed over the years to suppress them.
It is theoretically possible to suppress sidelobes completely in an array of antenna elements if the excitation of each element is controllable. The process of shaping the antenna pattern so as to eliminate sidelobes is called tapering. Eliminating sidelobes results in less total gain at the pattern maximum, however, and it yields a broader main lobe.
Figure 3. An array of four dipoles in which the individual elements are driven at a predetermined relative phase.
While the shape of the antenna pattern can be tailored by careful choice of the amplitude of the individual element excitations, the angle at which the pattern maximum occurs can be changed by adjusting the phase of the excitations of each of the antenna elements. If the elements are all driven in-phase, the pattern maximum will occur broadside to the array. If the phases of the excitations to each element are chosen correctly, however, the peak of the main lobe can be shifted (or steered) to a new angle relative to broadside. In general, the maximum signal strength at the new pointing angle (T4 in Figure 3 to the left) is close to but less than the broadside case.When the pattern is steered to a new direction, the shape and direction of any sidelobes that may have originally been present changes. If the pattern is steered too far relative to the element spacing, a new lobe (called a grating lobe) will appear with a peak in its pattern nearly equal to the main lobe. The point where this occurs is the maximum useful steering angle.
The gain and narrow pattern shape obtained in an array of antenna elements can be equivalently obtained using a properly shaped reflector such as a parabolic dish. Such high gain antennas are commonly used for satellite reception by commercial enterprises and are frequently seen in suburban neighborhoods. (Dishes can actually produce much sharper patterns than can be achieved with practical sized phased arrays.) However, parabolic dishes are pointed using mechanical gears and motors and are not agile. A phased array can be re-pointed quite rapidly, dependent only on the speed with which the phases of the exciting signals at the terminals of the individual elements can be readjusted.
The examples shown above are all for arrays in which the elements are arranged in only one dimension. Such arrays are called linear arrays. It is also possible to construct antenna arrays in two dimensions (the HAARP antenna array is built in this manner). Such arrays are called planar arrays. Finally, arrays have been constructed in three dimensions and these are called volumetric arrays. Arrays in this class are sometimes used for underwater acoustic applications in which the individual array elements are acoustic transducers.
The amount of gain that is obtainable in an antenna array (remember, gain refers to the highest signal strength at the pattern maximum) is directly related to the narrowness of the antenna pattern. A narrow pattern implies a high antenna gain. A satellite dish antenna has a very high gain and a narrow antenna pattern. Manually pointing a consumer satellite dish antenna is a time consuming process since the peak of the antenna beam must be precisely positioned to point directly at the desired satellite.
The HAARP antenna array has a gain and a pattern shape that is a function of the frequency used. For the final, 180 element array, consisting of 15 columns by 12 rows of elements, the array gain will range from 100 (or 20 dB) at an operating frequency of 3 MHz to 1000 (or 30 dB) at the highest frequency, 10 MHz. The narrowest possible pattern width of 5 degrees will occur at the highest operating frequency, 10 MHz, as shown in Figure 4 to the left.
Because each of the elements in the array can be excited independently in amplitude, the array pattern can be shaped so as to reduce or eliminate extraneous and unwanted sidelobes. Also, the transmitter signal applied to the individual elements can be adjusted independently in phase, allowing great flexibility pointing the peak of the antenna pattern. To avoid grating lobes, the main lobe can only be be pointed to angles within 30 degrees of directly overhead.
Did you just watch the Jesse Ventura episode “Brain Invaders”? Here are some supporting documents:
The AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network | Link
The Ground-Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) is a communications system that the military is in the process of constructing as we speak. It operates in the very-low-frequency (VLF) range, with transmissions between 150 and 175 kHz. This range was selected because its signals travel by means of waves that have a tendency to hug the ground rather than by radiating into the atmosphere. This signal drops off sharply with distance – a single GWEN stations transmits in a 360 circle to a distance of 250 to 300 miles. The entire GWEN system consists of approximately 300 such stations spread across the United States, each with a tower 300-500 feet high. The stations are from 200 to 250 miles apart, so that a signal can go from coast to coast from one station to another. When the system is completed around 1993, the entire civilian population of the United States will be exposed to the GWEN Transmissions. Read Appendix 4 and then re-read this section. Source
The Department of Defense calls it Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS), and it also goes by the name of S-quad or Squad. In the private sector, the technology goes by the name of Silent Subliminal Presentation System and the technology has also been released to certain corporate vendors who have attached catchy brand names like BrainSpeak Silent Subliminals to their own SSSS-based products. Source
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MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 61a * [Part 1 of 2 parts]
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V E R I C O M M / MindNet "Quid veritas est?"
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The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the
views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editors unless
otherwise noted.
Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for
non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the
copy remain intact and unedited.
Editor: Mike Coyle <vericomm@c2.org>
Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler
Research: Darrell Bross
Editor's Note:
I am usually reticent to express my personal opinions about
a paper such as this. It seems, to me, to be better to just let
the information speak for itself and allow the reader to come to
their own opinion about its veracity. However, the following
article about GWEN, obviously written by the government agency
that is responsible for its creation, is such an egregious
example of disinformation, obfuscation, and selective
referencing, that I feel I owe my subscribers a comment and
explanation.
The serious, and adverse health effects associated with exposure
to even low-levels of RFR, which are largely discounted by this
article, are well documented as a result of laboratory
experiments, case history studies, and statistical studies done
by many scientists and doctors. Below you will find a few
excerpts from this article followed by rebuttals that directly
contradict these excerpts.
...stated within:
"A number of so-called "nonthermal" effects have been described
in the scientific literature in connection with RFR exposure of
laboratory animals and animal tissue at levels equal to or less
than 0.4 W/kg (EPA 1986). These effects, involving the cellular,
hematologic, reproductive, nervous systems, and others, are
summarized in a review by Cahill and Elder (1984). The
significance of these effects for public health is not clear,
partly because the mechanisms responsible for them are not
known."
...rebuttal:
"...DARPA at the Institute for Defense Analysis...`certain events
presumed to the threatening to the national interest served as
the basis for ARPA's support for Project Pandora', and funds were
given to Walter Reed [Medical Research Institute] early in 1965
`to evaluate the threat since it appeared to have strong
behavioral and biomedical implications'...`cytogenic and
histological studies of the brain suggested that comparable
energies were damaging tissue'
- _The_Zapping_of_America_ by Paul Brodeur, 1977, pg. 123.
...stated within:
"_Cataracts_. It has been asserted in newspapers and other popular
media that microwaves potentially cause cataracts. Scientific
studies have indicated that microwaves can cause cataracts in
experimental animals, but only if incident continuous-wave power
densities are high..."
...rebuttal:
"...the case received prominent mention in the bureau's [Bureau
of Radiological Health] 1969 annual report to Congress. When
Carpenter described it a the fifth annual symposium of the
International Microwave Power Institute, which was held in
Scheveningen, in the Netherlands, on October 7, 1970, he stated
that it provided a `unique example of bilateral cataracts
resulting from low-level microwave radiation.'"
- _The_Zapping_of_America_ by Paul Brodeur, 1977, pg. 68.
...stated within:
"_Birth Defects_. Birth defects (technically, teratogenesis) and
developmental abnormalities after birth are always of public
concern... Teratogenic studies associated with RFR have used a
variety of animal models. The results indicate that a threshold
of heat induction or temperature increase must be exceeded
before teratogenic effects are produced. For the SARs associated
with human exposure to GWEN RFR, there would be no detectable
heating, so birth defects would be extremely unlikely."
...rebuttal:
"That microwave radiation might have genetic effects had first
been discovered back in 1959 by Dr. John H. Heller...at the New
England Institute for Medical Research, in Ridgefield Conn., who
observed gross chromosomal abnormalities in garlic-root tips that
had been irradiated with microwaves at power levels far below
those necessary to produce heat...in August 1975, members of
Electromagnetic Radiation Management Advisory Council, OTP, &
DoD met to review the findings of research pertaining to the
genetic, hereditary, growth, and developmental effects of
microwave and radio-frequency radiation, they learned that in
eight out of fifteen projects low-level radiation had produced
effects and changes in the test animals or genetic material."
- _The_Zapping_of_America_ by Paul Brodeur, 1977, pg. 90.
...stated within:
"_Endocrine System Effects_. Exposure of animals to RFR has
produced... There do not appear to be any effects clearly
demonstrated to be associated with nonthermogenic stimulation of
the endocrine system or the associated parts of the CNS."
...rebuttal:
"Soviet investigators also turned up a great number of endocrine
responses to radio-frequency radiation, including increased
thyroid activity, slight enlargement of the thyroid gland,
sterility, and decreased lactation in nursing mothers."
- _The_Zapping_of_America_ by Paul Brodeur, 1977, pg. 37.
I could go on and on, but I think you see my point. Please keep
this in mind as you read this document. I have also included
below a few references excerpted from _Cross_Currents_ by Dr.
Robert O. Becker that document the adverse effects of RFR.
Aurell, E., and Tengroth, B. _Acta_Ophthalmologica_ 51
(1973):764. Report that microwaves can produce cataract at
nonthermal levels and can damage the retina itself.
Birge, R., et al. _Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society_
109(1987):2090. Report that certain chemicals in the retina
absorb microwaves to a high degree.
Delgado, J.M.R., et al. _Journal_of_Anatomy_ 134 (1982):533.
Reports on developmental defects in chick embryos exposed to
various ELF frequencies.
Garfinkel, I., and Savokhan, B. _Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_
_of_Sciences_ 381 (1982):I. Report that the incidence of brain
tumors rose between 1940 and 1977.
Heller, J.H., and Teixeira-Pinto, A.A. _Nature_ 183 (1959):905.
First report on the production of chromosomal abnormalities
by fields at 27 MHz.
Liboff, A, _Science_ 223 (1984):818. Report that a wide range
of frequencies in the ELF-VLF range could increase the rate
of DNA synthesis in dividing cells.
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GROUND WAVE EMERGENCY NETWORK (GWEN)
Document courtesy of Julianne McKinney,
Electronic Surveillance Project.
September 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------
Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN)
---
3.11 HEALTH
3.11.1 Definition of Resource
Aspects of the GWEN program that might affect the health of
the general public residing in the vicinity of GWEN facilities or
potentially exposed to GWEN operations are related to exposure to
radio frequency radiation (RFR). All radio transmission antennae
are sources of RFR. The GWEN system would generate RFR from a
299-foot, low-frequency (LF) antenna and an ultrahigh-frequency
(UHF) antenna located at each relay node (RN) station, and from a
UHF antenna located at each input/output (I/O) station.
The oscillation of current and voltage in a transmitting
antenna results in the radiation of an outward-traveling field,
or electromagnetic wave. By encoding information into this wave,
messages can be transmitted to a receiving station in a manner
analogous to AM, FM, and TV broadcasting and reception. The
electromagnetic wave consists of an electric field, the E-field,
and a magnetic field, the H-field. These electromagnetic waves
constitute the RFR.
The region beyond the distance of a few wavelengths of any
transmission is known as the far field. The wavelengths for GWEN
LF transmissions range from 1.7 to 2 kilometers; thus, the far
field refers to the region beyond several kilometers from the RN
stations. The region within a few wavelengths of the
transmitting antenna is referred to as the near field. The
electromagnetic field within this region is more complicated than
in the far field. In addition to the primary propagating wave,
there are nonpropagating fields which tend to dominate the near
field. Because these nonpropagating fields decrease rapidly with
distance, they become insignificant in the far field.
3.11.2 Issues and Concerns
Although RFR is referred to as radiation, it does not cause
ionization and should not be confused with radiation from
radioactive sources. In general, RFR is associated with
electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from
approximately 10 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz).
Electromagnetic waves with higher frequencies than radio waves
are, in ascending order of frequency, infrared waves, visible
light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic waves propagate energy in "packets" called
photons. The energy of a photon is directly proportional to the
frequency of the radiation. When the photon energies equal or
exceed the binding energies of electrons to atoms, the radiation
is capable of ionizing atoms and breaking electron bonds in
biomolecules, thereby disrupting biochemical processes and
causing genetic and other damage in biological organisms.
Ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays, are ionizing. However,
the photon energies associated with the highest radio frequencies
are several orders of magnitude lower than the weakest chemical
bonds and they cannot ionize atoms or disrupt chemical bonding.
Thus, RFR is nonionizing and does not create the same effect
as radiation generated by radioactive sources. Its primary effect
in biological organisms is to agitate molecules, that is,
generate heat. At intensities that fall within present exposure
standards, the rate of heat generation is negligible or is within
the thermoregulatory capabilities of mammals and birds.
There have been reports of some cases of accidental
occupational exposure to RFR intensities that exceed present
safety limits. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has found that levels of field intensities in the FM and
TV-broadcast bands exceed present exposure limits at certain
sites that are accessible to the general public. Because of these
few cases, some members of the public may perceive that there is
a high risk associated with RFR regardless of intensity or
frequency. Public concerns are centered on the potential for
effects on humans due to both long- and short-term exposure to
RFR at GWEN frequencies and exposure levels. These concerns may
include the potential for shock hazards, birth defects, and
cancer.
3.11.3 Regulatory Setting
No federal, state, county, or municipal regulations exist for
RFR exposure in the GWEN LF band (150 to 175 kHz). In July 1986,
as part of its charge under federal law to develop RFR protection
guides, the EPA published proposed alternatives for controlling
public exposure to RFR and requested written comments. Other
national and international agencies have published guidelines for
RFR safety.
_American_National_Standards_Institute_ (ANSI) has set safety
levels for human exposure to RFR in the frequency range of 300
kHz to 100 GHz (ANSI, 1982), ANSI concluded that the reliable
evidence of hazardous effects on animals is associated with
whole-body-average specific absorption rates (SAR) above 4
watts/kilogram (W/kg) in animals. Using a safety factor of 10,
the exposure limit was set at 0.4 W/kg. Since SAR is
frequency-dependent in a manner that is species-specific, the
power density limits that correspond to 0.4 W/kg vary with
frequency. At resonant frequencies for humans (see section
3.11.6.2), this value of SAR corresponds to a power density of 1
milliwatt per square centimeter (mw/cm2). This limit on power
density was specified for the frequency range of 30 to 300 MHz
to include all possible resonant conditions for humans. The
limit on power density for frequencies below this range can be
increased inversely as the second power of the frequency while
still maintaining a limit of 0.4 W/kg on the SAR. However,
because there's a potential for shock and burns at high power
densities, the ANSI subcommittee limited the power density to 100
mw/cm2 for frequencies below 3 MHz, extending down to 300 kHz.
Using the assumption of plane waves, this power density limit
corresponds to an E-field intensity of 632 volts per meter (V/m)
and to an H-field intensity of 1.58 amperes per meter (A/m).
While the ANSI standard would limit the SAR value to 0.4 W/kg
averaged over the whole body, it allows a spatial peak (local)
value of 8 W/kg averaged over any one gram of tissue. SARs,
power densities, and squares of field intensities are averaged
over any 6-minute period. The ANSI subcommittee did not provide
any guidance for frequencies below 300 kHz; therefore, ANSI does
not cover the GWEN LF band. The ANSI standard is applicable to
the control of occupational and non-occupational exposures.
_International_Radiation_Protection_Association_ (IRPA)
provides interim guidelines on limits of exposure (IRPA 1984).
While IRPA's occupational limits at resonance are the same as
ANSI's, the limit for the general population is based on a safety
factor of 50 relative to 4 W/kg, or 5 relative to 0.4 W/kg. The
whole-body average SAR is limited to 0.08 W/kg, which
corresponds to a power density of 0.2 mw/cm2 in the range of
human resonant frequencies. The limit on the local SAR for the
general population is reduced to 0.8 W/kg. As with the other
standards, the power density limit rises as the frequency
decreases from resonance. The limit for exposure to the public
in the 100 kHz to 1 MHz frequency range is a power density of 2
mw/cm2, with corresponding limits to E-field and H-field
intensities set at 87 V/m and 0.23 A/m, respectively. These
limits would apply to the GWEN LF transmissions.
_National_Council_on_Radiation_Protection_and_Measurements_
(NCRP 1986) recently recommended RFR limits for the public.
These limits are similar to IRPA's limits for the public in that
they use the same safety factor to limit whole-body average SARs
to 0.08 W/kg and local SARs to 1.6 W/kg. For frequencies below
1.34 MHz, the NCRP limits the power density to 100 mw/cm2, which
is higher than the IRPA limit but the same as the ANSI limit. The
NCRP does not provide guidance for frequencies below 300 kHz;
therefore, their standards do not cover the GWEN LF band.
_EPA_ (1986) has Proposed three alternatives for limiting
public exposure to RFR. Two alternatives are similar to the other
standards: limiting whole-body-average SARs to either 0.4 W/kg or
0.08 W/kg for frequencies above 3 MHz. The third alternative
(EPA option 1) is the most restrictive, as it limits whole-body
average SARs to 0.04 W/kg for frequencies above 3 MHz. Below 3
MHz this option would limit E-field intensity to 87 V/m and
H-field intensity to 0.23 A/m. While this option is more
restrictive than the IRPA standard for frequencies greater than 3
MHz, it is equal to the IRPA standards for lower frequencies. The
EPA proposal does not specify limits on local SAR values, but it
does note that the exposure limit under its option I will
substantially reduce local heating effects of RF body currents
by keeping the local SAR to less than 4 W/kg.
3.11.4 Approach to Analysis
In order to assess possible RFR biological hazards, the
pertinent literature on electric shock, radio frequency (RF)
burns; and bioeffects related to absorbed energy was reviewed.
Findings that might be relevant to GWEN frequencies were
evaluated by comparing the RF intensity levels studied to actual
measured levels at GWEN facilities. The objective of the analysis
was to determine the extent of the zone around an RN's antenna
base that would need to be controlled in order to prevent public
exposure to RFR levels that exceed safety standards.
3.11.5 Data Sources
The present level of knowledge regarding biological effects of
RFR was reviewed in an EPA report by Elder and Cahill (1984) and
a report prepared for the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine
(USAFSAM) by Heynick and Polson (1983). The latter report was
updated and expanded by Heynick (1986) and will be reissued.
Information is also summarized by Polk and Postow (1986), Elder
(1986), and in the EPA announcement of the proposed alternative
guidelines for RFR protection (EPA 1986). Two recent reports
prepared for USAFSAM document possible hazards in the frequency
range of 10 kHz to 3 MHz, which brackets the GWEN LF antenna
frequencies (Gandhi et al. 1985; Guy and Chou 1985).
3.11.6 Existing Conditions
The potential health effects to humans associated with
exposure to RFR can be divided into two major categories:
Electric shock and RF burns resulting from contact between
grounded people and ungrounded objects. Bare feet on wet ground
would provide maximum grounding. Footware (shoes) reduce the
level of grounding and provide some measure of protection. The
analysis below assumes an individual who would be fully
grounded.
A wide range of effects resulting from the energy absorbed by
the body.
3.11.6.1 Electric Shock and RF Burns
Electric shock and RF burns can occur because of voltages
induced by RFR below 3 MHz, and particularly below 200 kHz, in
ungrounded conductive objects, such as vehicles, fencing, metal
roofing, and guy wires. When an individual that is electrically
grounded makes contact with an ungrounded conductive object in
an RF field, currents may then flow through the individual's
body. The amount of current flow depends on how well the
individual is electrically grounded, the impedance between the
ungrounded object and the individual, and the voltage and charge
of the object induced by the RF field.
At low-intensity RF fields, a grounded individual might
experience a tingling or warm feeling in the fingers, hands,
wrists, or ankles when in contact with an ungrounded conductive
object. At higher field intensities, an individual might
experience an electric shock as contact was made with the
ungrounded object. Electric shock can also result when an
ungrounded individual in a high-intensity RF field comes into
contact with a grounded object. If the flow of current is large
enough, it can cause localized heating of body tissue resulting
in an RF burn. RF burns can also be caused by direct contact
with an RF source (e.g., an antenna) or an uninsulated
transmission line. Direct contact with a GWEN antenna is
discussed under system safety.
Two independent groups of researchers have recently studied
the shock hazard from objects in RF fields with frequencies of
10 kHz to 3 MHz (Guy and Chou 1985; Gandhi et al. 1985). The
results were based on actual measurements at RF antennae and
experimental measurements on several hundred subjects. Since the
shock hazard is due to the electric, rather than magnetic,
component of RF fields, thresholds were stated in terms of the
intensity of the E-field. Perception thresholds corresponded to
the mean lowest current (measured in a laboratory experiment) at
which the subjects reported any sensation at all, usually mild
tingling or pricking at frequencies below 100 kHz and faint
warmth at higher frequencies. The pain thresholds corresponded
to the mean lowest current at which the subjects reported a very
uncomfortable sensation and did not want to continue touching the
electrode. Chatterjee et al. (1986) believe that the cause for
sensations at frequencies above 100 kHz is an increased energy
density, or SAR, in the hand or wrist.
For the frequency range of the GWEN LF antenna (150 to 175
kHz), Gandhi et al. (1985) and Chatterjee et al. (1986)
calculated perception thresholds for grounded 10-year-old
children in finger contact with large ungrounded metallic objects.
These thresholds were 65 V/m for a fork-lift truck, 120 V/m for a
van, and 250 V/m for a 50-foot section of fence. Calculated
perception thresholds for electrically grounded adults touching
those objects were about 40 percent higher.
Calculated perception and pain thresholds for persons in
grasping contact were higher than for persons in finger contact.
For example, the perception threshold for a 10-year-old child in
grasping contact with a van was 430 V/m, as opposed to 120 V/m
for finger contact. However, Chatterjee et al. (1986) report
that perception thresholds for a tapping contact with the finger
was about 10 percent lower than for continuous finger contact.
Also, they report that, for frequencies greater than 100 kHz, a
continuous contact at the perception threshold produced a
sensation of pain within 10 to 20 seconds.
In addition to causing perception or pain, the flow of current
through the body could be sufficiently high to produce some
damage to tissues. Gandhi et al. (1985) addressed this by
calculating the E-field required to produce a whole-body-average
SAR of 0.4 W/kg and a local SAR of 8 W/kg of a grounded
individual in grasping contact with a van. These SAR values are
the limits set by ANSI and are a factor of 10 below those that
cause harmful effects. Gandhi et al. determined that, at GWEN
frequencies, an E-field of 300 V/m would be required to produce a
whole-body-average SAR of 0.4 W/kg, and 95 V/m would be required
to produce a local SAR of 8 W/kg in the wrist of a 10-year-old
child; these values would be about 40 percent higher for adults.
Gandhi et al. (1985) also considered the flow of current
through a grounded individual not in contact with a metallic
object or in the vicinity of one. They calculate that at GWEN
frequencies, the E-field required to produce a whole-body average
SAR of 0.4 W/kg would be 9,000 V/m, and the E-field required to
produce a maximum local SAR (in the ankle) of 8 W/kg would be
2,000 V/m.
These calculations of the E-field intensities required to
produce the specific SAR values reported were based on the
assumption that the RFR is continuously emitted. When the RFR is
not continuously emitted, the SAR values will be lower for the
same E-field, or, conversely, the E-field must be higher to
produce the same SAR. This is the case for GWEN, which broadcasts
with a duty cycle of 28 percent. Since SAR is proportional to the
square of the E-field intensity, the continuous E-field values
given by Gandhi et al. may be divided by the square root of 0.28
to yield discontinuous E-field values for application to GWEN.
Therefore, the GWEN E-field required to produce a local SAR of 8
W/kg in the wrist of a child in grasping contact with the van
would be 180 V/m. (This value is well below the perception
threshold for a child in grasping contact.) The GWEN E-field
required to produce a local SAR of 8 W/kg in the ankle of an
adult not in contact with a metallic object would be 3,780 V/m.
The GWEN E-field required to produce the IRPA limit of 0.8 W/kg
for a local SAR would be 1,195 V/m.
[Continued to part 2]
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MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 61b * [Part 2 of 2 parts]
================================================================
V E R I C O M M / MindNet "Quid veritas est?"
================================================================
The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the
views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editors unless
otherwise noted.
Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for
non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the
copy remain intact and unedited.
Editor: Mike Coyle <vericomm@c2.org>
Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler
Research: Darrell Bross
================================================================
[Continued from part 1]
3.11.6.2 Effects Due to Absorbed Energy
The other major category of potential health effects is
associated with energy absorbed by the body when exposed to
RFR. Generally, energy absorption is related to frequency. When
frequency is such that the incident wavelength is much smaller
than the size of the exposed subject, there is poor penetration
and energy is deposited largely on the surface of the subject
(Cahill and Elder 1984; Polk and Postow 1986). For humans, that
corresponds to frequencies greater than about 5,000 MHz. When the
incident wavelength and the subject are the same order of
magnitude, resonance occurs and maximum energy is absorbed. The
resonant frequency varies depending on thc size of the human
body and ranges from about 35 MHz for a grounded adult 5 feet 9
inches tall to about 200 MHz for an ungrounded infant. When the
wavelength is much greater than the subject's size, the
absorptive coupling is inefficient and little energy is absorbed.
This occurs in humans at frequencies lower than about 1 MHz, and
includes the GWEN LF frequency (150 to 175 kHz) with wavelengths
about 1,000 times greater than the size of humans. RFR from the
GWEN UHF antennae (/25 to 400 Mhz) falls in a range just above
resonant frequencies (see section 4.11.1.2).
The accepted measure of RF absorption is the SAR, which is
the mass-normalized rate of energy absorption in watts per
kilogram (W/kg). The SAR depends on the dielectric composition
and shape of the subject, its orientation with respect to the RF
field, and the complexity of the radiation, as well as on the
size of the subject relative to the wavelength. The SAR can be
estimated by combining the frequency and power density of the RF
field with the size and dielectric property of the subject
exposed to the field (Cahill and Elder 1984). Such calculations
can be performed for humans exposed to the RFR from GWEN. For an
average man, the _Radio_Frequency_Radiation_Dosimetry_Handbook_
(Durney et al. 1978) indicates that the maximum average SAR at
the GWEN LF band would be approximately 0.0000006 W/kg per
1 mW/cm2, occurring when the long axis of the body was parallel
to the E-field polarization. When the body was perpendicular to
the E-field, the average SAR would decrease by a factor of
approximately 30.
The maximum value of the E-field from the GWEN LF transmitter
outside the 4-foot fence would be 50 V/m (see section 4.11.1.1).
This is equivalent to approximately 0.66 mw/cm2 (assuming a
plane wave). Therefore, the maximum average SAR in a human
standing in an E-field of intensity 50 V/m would be
approximately 0.0000004 W/kg, assuming continuous RF emission.
Since GWEN broadcasts LF transmissions with a 28-percent duty
cycle, the maximum average SAR at the 4-foot fence would be
approximately 0.0000001 W/kg.
The maximum average SAR associated with GWEN UHF exposure can
be calculated in a similar fashion. At the frequency band used
for GWEN UHF transmissions, the maximum average SAR would be
0.1 W/kg per 1 mW/cm2 (Durney et al. 1978). Since the maximum
exposure to GWEN UHF would be 0.001 mW/cm2 for a 40 percent duty
cycle (see section 4.11.1.2), the maximum average SAR at a GWEN
station due to UHF exposure would be 0.0001 W/kg.
A number of so-called "nonthermal" effects have been described
in the scientific literature in connection with RFR exposure of
laboratory animals and animal tissue at levels equal to or less
than 0.4 W/kg (EPA 1986). These effects, involving the cellular,
hematologic, reproductive, nervous systems, and others, are
summarized in a review by Cahill and Elder (1984). The
significance of these effects for public health is not clear,
partly because the mechanisms responsible for them are not known.
Some results are from single studies and have not yet been
verified by duplication (EPA 1986). In some cases, there are
conflicting results as to whether a given effect even occurs. At
this time, it is not yet clear whether low-level nonthermal
effects have an impact on human health. Consequently, the EPA
(1986) concludes that the data are insufficient to assess the
adversity and human health implications of effects observed for
whole-body average SAR below 1 W/kg. However, in light of the SAR
values for humans exposed to RFR from GWEN (less than 0.0000001
W/kg for LF and 0.0001 W/kg for UHF), nonthermal effects are
extremely unlikely.
A degree of uncertainty exists in extrapolating findings on
animals to humans because of differences in species, exposure
frequencies, and internal distribution of absorbed energy
(Heynick and Polson 1983; Heynick 1986). There is very little
information on RF effects in humans and limited data on
responses of animals at frequencies above 10 GHz and below 10
MHz. However, the use of SAR as an index of exposure has allowed
excellent extrapolation of effects across frequencies, and it is
reasonable to assume that would also be applicable for GWEN
frequencies.
The health effects related to exposure to RFR have been the
subject of continuing research for about 30 years, and an
estimated 8,000 papers on RFR bioeffects have been published.
Over the past decade great advances have been made in
correlating the observation of effects (or lack thereof) with
the SAR. Although SAR is associated with energy deposition, and
frequently only with thermalization of the RFR energy in tissue,
it also defines the fields existing within the tissues, and is a
useful measure when discussing both thermal and nonthermal
effects.
Research papers cover a wide range of general topics in the
biological sciences. These include epidemiologic studies of
humans; the possibility of RFR exposure causing cancer or birth
defects, effects on the eye, the nervous system, behavior,
hormone-secreting systems in mammals, and the immune system;
and general biochemical and physiological effects (Heynick and
Polson 1986; Heynick 1986; Polk and Postow 1986). The interested
reader is referred to these publications for more specific
details of representative papers under each biological topic.
The following discussions summarize those reviews.
The discussion of effects due to absorbed energy is in
reference to RFR in general. Most of the studies were at UHF and,
therefore, would be applicable to GWEN UHF exposure. The SAR for
GWEN exposure would be several orders of magnitude below the SARs
associated with any reported effects. Therefore, it would be
very unlikely that these effects would result from GWEN UHF
exposure. Although none of the studies were conducted at LF,
assessment of GWEN LF exposure can be made by comparing the GWEN
SAR with the SARs reported in the studies. Since GWEN LF exposure
would be many orders of magnitude below SARs associated with
reported effects, the possibility that there would be any
effects would be very remote.
_Epidemiologic_Studies_. Although there are relatively few
epidemiologic studies, those that have been performed have
included several hundreds of thousands of individuals. None of
the studies offers clear evidence of detrimental effects
associated with exposure of the general population to RFR.
However, findings of studies performed in the Soviet Union
suggest that occupational exposure to UHF RFR at average power
densities of less than 1 mw/cm2 does result in various
symptoms (which they lump together as "microwave syndrome")
but this is generally not recognized in western medical
practice. The SARs associated with GWEN LF exposure, at
frequencies 1,000 to 10,000 times lower than UHF, would be many
orders of magnitude lower. Thus, even if one accepted the
Soviet findings for UHF frequencies, the likelihood of such
effects at GWEN frequencies and power intensities is remote.
Collectively, the results of the epidemiologic studies do not
provide evidence of the likelihood of any hazard to the general
population from exposure to RFR from GWEN. Exposure to GWEN UHF
would be at power densities of 0.001 mW/cm2 or less (see section
4.11.1.2) which would be two to three orders of magnitude below
the power densities of the observations in the Soviet studies.
_Cancer_. One frequently expressed concern about RFR is that
it may cause mutations or cancer. Several studies regarding the
possible mutagenic effects of RFR have been done on bacteria,
yeast, and fruit flies. These studies failed to demonstrate
mutagenic effects that could be attributed to RFR exposure.
Other studies using mice and rats also have failed to provide
evidence of mutagenic effects. Studies on the general health or
the occurrence of cancer in exposed animals have generally
yielded negative results. Extrapolation of these animal studies
to humans indicates that the SAR associated with human exposure
to GWEN RFR is most unlikely to cause mutagenic effects or to
cause cancer.
_Birth_Defects_. Birth defects (technically, teratogenesis)
and developmental abnormalities after birth are always of public
concern, especially because, in a few cases, specific (non-RFR)
agents have been shown to cause such effects. Birth defects and
developmental abnormalities also occur naturally at a low rate in
most animal species. Teratogenuc studies associated with RFR have
used a variety of animal models. The results indicate that a
threshold of heat induction or temperature increase must be
exceeded before teratogenic effects are produced. For the SARs
associated with human exposure to GWEN RFR, there would be no
detectable heating, so birth defects would be extremely unlikely.
_Cataracts_. It has been asserted in newspapers and other
popular media that microwaves potentially cause cataracts.
Scientific studies have indicated that microwaves can cause
cataracts in experimental animals, but only if incident
continuous-wave power densities are high, approximately 150
mw/cm2 or greater. Under such conditions of frequency and power
density, local SARs in the eye can be so great that significant
temperature rises occur. Such effects also appear to have a
threshold; if a critical temperature is not exceeded within the
eye for a certain duration, no cataracts are formed. Recent
studies also indicate effects on corneal endothelium in the eyes
of monkeys exposed to microwaves, but there is no evidence that
such effects could occur at SARs associated with exposure to
GWEN RFR.
_Nervous_System_Effects_. Several types of studies have been
conducted regarding the effects of RFR on the nervous system of
animals. U.S. scientists consider most effects of RFR on the
nervous system to be indirect results of other physiological
interactions, with the possible exception of alterations of
calcium-ion binding in brain tissue. This phenomenon occurs with
amplitude-modulated waveforms for a wide range of carrier
frequencies from extremely low frequency to UHF. However, there
is no evidence that it occurs at power densities below 0.1
mw/cm2, and even if it did, there is no indication that it is in
any way associated with adverse health effects. Other observed
nervous-system effects have included: alteration of the
permeability of the blood-brain barrier, but consistent data
exist only for local SARs that are sufficient to cause heating;
alterations in and damage to some regions of the brains of
hamsters and rats (but not of squirrel monkeys), but, again,
resulting from thermal processes; and alterations of
electroencephalograms (electrical activity of the brain) in
animals, but only when in-dwelling electrodes were used. The
last effect is the only one that could perhaps apply to the GWEN
system. With modern advances in medical technology, it is
becoming more common (though still rare in terms of absolute
numbers) for patients with certain neurological problems to have
metal electrodes implanted in their brains. Such persons could
be affected by fields within the immediate vicinity of the GWEN
transmitters. However, there are no known reports of anyone
having been affected by RFR as a result of any surgical
implantation to correct neurological problems. All other effects
on the nervous system are unlikely to occur at the SARs
associated with human exposure to GWEN RFR.
_Behavioral_Effects_. Many experimental studies have been
conducted on the effects of RFR on animal behavior. The results
of such studies are considered particularly important in the
Soviet Union, where they are often held to be evidence of direct
effects of RFR on the central nervous system (CNS). U.S.
scientists do not always agree that behavioral effects
necessarily imply direct effects on the CNS. However, as
behavioral effects are very sensitive indicators of biological
function, they receive appropriate attention in both eastern
European and western countries. Representative behavioral
studies (Heynick and Polson 1986; Heynick 1986) include studies
of effects on reflex activity, RFR perception, effects of RFR on
learning and on performance of trained tasks, interactive
effects of RFR and drugs on behavior, and behavioral
thermoregulation. Studies have been conducted on mice, rats,
rabbits, squirrel monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and humans.
Soviet claims of effects at low-power densities (equal to or
less than 0.5 mw/cm2) for long-term exposures have not been
duplicated in similar studies by U.S. researchers. The validity
of the Soviet claims is difficult to assess because of lack of
detail in the reports of the experiments. It is very likely that
behavioral effects could have been seen if in-dwelling
electrodes were used for the animals involved in the Soviet
studies, but it is unknown whether they were.
RFR is capable of producing alterations in a wide variety of
behaviors of various animals. Except for pulsed RFR, average
power densities required to modify behavior are almost all at
levels of approximately 5 mw/cm2 and above, with corresponding
SARs of approximately 1 W/kg and above. Perception of pulsed
RFR (i.e., microwave hearing) is a peak-power phenomenon, not an
average-power one, and can thereby modify behavior.
It is difficult to relate most of the behavioral studies in
animals to humans. All behavioral studies are directly relevant
to the nature of the species being studied, and the conclusions
of a given study do not readily transfer to other species.
Because the SARs needed to cause reported effects are so high,
these studies provide no evidence that exposure to RFR at the
levels that would be emitted outside the fence at GWEN RNs
would likely have adverse effects on human behavior.
_Endocrine_System_Effects_. Exposure of animals to RFR has
produced somewhat inconsistent effects on the hormone-secreting
(endocrine) system of mammals. In general, the effects appear to
be related to either the heat load associated with the RFR or the
stress induced in the animals by the RFR or, possibly, other
experimental circumstances. Some effects also appear to be
related to alteration of the circadian rhythm by RFR. There do
not appear to be any effects clearly demonstrated to be
associated with nonthermogenic stimulation of the endocrine
system or the associated parts of the CNS.
Because the reported effects of RFR on the endocrine systems
of animals are largely ascribable to increased thermal burdens
and stresses engendered by the experimental situation, there is
no evidence that such effects would occur in humans exposed to
the RFR from the GWEN transmitter outside the fence because of
the extremely low SARs involved.
_Immune_System_Effects_. The accumulation of reports to date
indicates that RFR has definite effects on the immune system of
mammals. Most of the reported effects were detected after
exposure at SARs about 4 W/kg and higher; a few have been
detected following exposure at SARs as low as 0.2 W/kg. In some
cases, the effects that were observed at higher power densities
were not found at lower power densities, indicating the
possibility of a threshold power density. In most studies, the
mechanisms for the effects seen were not investigated, and the
various reports are somewhat inconsistent. The situation is
complicated by the complexity of the immune system and the
variety of test procedures used.
The existing evidence indicates that some of the
immune-system effects are probably related to the effect of RFR
on the endocrine system resulting from adaptation to stress.
The mechanisms and significance of such effects are not yet
understood, and individual findings have not been independently
verified. There is currently no evidence that relates RFR
effects on animals' immune systems to effects on the immune
system of humans chronically exposed to the levels of RFR that
would be experienced outside thc fenced area of a GWEN RN. In
addition, because of the extremely small SARs involved, there is
no evidence to suggest that such effects would be hazardous to
human health.
_Biochemical_and_Physiological_Effects_. The literature on
biochemical and physiological effects associated with RFR is
extensive. Many of the reported effects are associated with
other events (e.g., changes in hormonal levels or stress
adaptation), and some do not have clear medical significance.
The thermal basis for most of the reported physiological and
biochemical effects of exposure of intact animals to RFR is
evident. The investigations with nonhuman primates are most
significant with respect to possible hazards of human exposure
to RFR because the anatomies and physiological characteristics
of primates are closest to those of humans. The results with
rhesus monkeys showed that exposure to RFR at frequencies in the
range of 3 to 30 MHz at average-power densities of about 100
mw/cm2 were well within the thermoregulatory capabilities of
this species. Also noteworthy were the negative findings of
blood-chemistry assays performed on rhesus monkeys one to two
years after exposures to such high-power densities. The
thermoregulatory system of squirrel monkeys were also observed
to effectively compensate for RFR exposure.
The investigations involving exposure of intact, smaller
species of mammals to RFR have yielded both positive and
negative results. Some of the positive findings are also clearly
due to the additional thermal burden posed by the RFR. Other
results, showing decreased food intake and lower blood glucose
levels in rats, indicate the existence of a SAR threshold of
about 1 W/kg or higher for such effects.
One physiological concern is whether exposure of humans to
RFR can affect their heart function. In early work on this
subject with excised turtle, frog, and rat hearts, various
investigators reported RFR-induced decreases and/or increases
in heart rate, depending on average power densities. Decreases
in heart rate were reported for the lower range of power
densities used. The lowest SAR at which heart rate decreases were
observed in the isolated turtle heart was 1.5 W/kg. Some recent
work showed no RFR-induced changes in beat rate or contractile
force in isolated atria of rat hearts exposed to 2.45 GHz RFR at
2 or 10 W/kg.
SAR-dependent changes in heart-beat rate in intact animals
were also reported. The results indicate the existence of a
threshold between 4.5 and 6.5 W/kg, many orders of magnitude
higher than could occur outside the fence of a GWEN RN.
Thus, in general, it is very improbable that physiological or
biochemical effects would occur from exposure to RFR from GWEN
transmitters at the levels that would be experienced outside the
fenced area of an RN.
_Conclusion_. Most U.S. experiments with animals that yielded
recognizable and repeatable effects of exposure to RFR were
performed at whole-body average SARs of more than about 1 watt
per kilogram (W/kg). Such effects are thermal, in the sense that
the RFR energy is absorbed by the organism as widely distributed
heat that increases the whole-body temperature, or as internally
localized heat that is biologically significant even when
natural heat-exchange and thermoregulatory mechanisms are
functioning. The existence of threshold incident average power
densities has been experimentally demonstrated for some effects
and postulated for others. Exposure to RFR at average power
densities exceeding the threshold for a specific effect for a
few minutes to a few hours (depending on the value) can cause
irreversible tissue alterations. The heat produced by
indefinitely long or chronic exposures at power densities well
below the threshold is not accumulated because its rate of
production is readily compensated for by either heat-exchange
processes, thermoregulation, or both. Most investigations
involving chronic exposures of mammals yielded either no
effects or reversible, noncumulative behavioral or physiological
effects for average power densities exceeding whole-body SARs
of 1 W/kg. In the few cases in which irreversible adverse
effects of exposure were found, these effects were absent for
whole-body SARs below 1 W/kg. Whole-body SARs resulting from
exposure to RFR at a GWEN RN would be below 0.0000001 W/kg
outside of the 4-foot circular fence.
[END]
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The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is an ionospheric research program jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).Built by BAE Advanced Technologies (BAEAT), its purpose is to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance. The HAARP program operates a major sub-arctic facility, named the HAARP Research Station, on an Air Force–owned site near Gakona, Alaska.This thrust of the 2013 program, budgeted at $11 million, will obtain insights into physical aspects of natural phenomena such as magnetospheric sub-storms, fire, lightning, and geo-physical phenomena. New fundamental understandings of these phenomena will enable the ability to predict and exploit these physical processes, especially with regard to communications. Last year’s HAARP budget was $13 million and the 2011 was about $9 million.A major emphasis of this thrust is to provide predictive models for the interactions between plasmas and electromagnetic waves across a range of energy and length scales, and into new regimes.
Upper-atmospheric lightning or upper-atmospheric discharge are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightning is believed to be electrically induced forms of optical fluorescence. The preferred usage is transient luminous event, because the various types of electrical-discharge phenomena in the upper atmosphere lack several characteristics of the more familiar tropospheric lightning. TLEs include red sprites, sprite halos, blue jets, gigantic jets, and ELVES
Representation of upper-atmospheric lightning and electrical-discharge phenomena
The sun is angry and people are seeing UFO’s. Sounds like the perfect time for some False Flag fun! What if I told you governments of the world are conspiring to deceive the public with visions of UFO’s and rapture, all the while using hologram emitters, ionocrafts, and radio frequency plasma weapons? Read on:
Did you hear about Planet-X? The “new” planet they found at the edge of our solar system just outside of Pluto, later downgraded to a dwarf planet? Have you heard about Comet Elenin? What about Nibiru? Until recently, I hadn’t either. A large red disc shaped planet/star with seven moons may be hurtling toward our planet which some believe signals the end our world; some calling it what the Egyptians did, “The Destroyer“.
Creation 3:1
… It is a fact known to the wise that the Earth was utterly destroyed once then reborn on a second wheel of creation..(2nd wheel = new orbit)
Manuscripts 33:5
… FOUR TIMES THE STARS HAVE MOVED TO NEW POSITIONS and twice the sun has changed the direction of his journey. TWICE THE DESTROYER HAS STRUCK EARTH. (Earth passes through the thick part it’s tail)
Here are some more Egyptian Texts of the Bronzebook
Creation 3:2
…God caused a DRAGON from out of Heaven to come and encompass her about … The seas were loosened from their cradles and rose up, pouring across the land.
Creation 3:3
Men, stricken with terror, went mad at the awful sight in the Heavens. The breath was sucked from their bodies and theywere burnt with a strange ash.
Creation 3:4
Then it passed, leaving Earth enwrapped within a dark and glowering mantle, which was ruddily lit up inside. The bowels of the Earth were torn open in great writhing upheavals …
Creation 3:5
The Earth vomited forth great gusts of foul breath from awful mouths opening up in the midst of the land. The evil breath bit at the throat before it drove men mad and killed them …
Creation 4:5
Then … God caused a sign to appear in the Heavens, so that men should know the Earth would be afflicted, and the sign was a STRANGE STAR.
Creation 4:6
THE STAR grew and waxed to a great brightness and was awesome to behold. IT PUT FORTH HORNS and sang, being unlike any other ever seen …
Manuscripts 3:1
Men forget the days of the Destroyer. Only the wise know where it went and that it will return in its appointed hour.
Manuscripts 3:2
… It was as a billowing cloud of smoke enwrapped in a ruddy glow, not distinguishable in joint or limb. Its mouth was an abyss from which came flame, smoke and hot cinders.
Manuscripts 3:3
When ages pass, certain laws operate upon the stars in the Heavens. Their ways change; there is movement and restlessness, they are no longer constant and a great light appears readily in the skies.
Manuscripts 3:4
When blood drops upon the Earth, the Destroyer will appear, and mountains will open up and belch forth fire and ashes. Trees will be destroyed and all living things engulfed. Waters will be swallowed up by the land, and seas will boil.
Manuscripts 3:6
The people will scatter in madness. They will hear the trumpet and battle-cry of the DESTROYER and will seek refuge within dens in the Earth. Terror will eat away their hearts, and their courage will flow from them like water from a broken pitcher. They will be eaten up in the flames of wrath and consumed by the breath of the DESTROYER.
Manuscripts 3:7
… Men will fly in the air as birds and swim in the seas as fishes … Women will be as men and men as women, passion will be a plaything of man.
Manuscripts 3:9
… Then will the Heavens tremble and the Earth move … Heralds of Doom will appear … THE HOUR OF THE DESTROYER IS AT HAND.
Manuscripts 3:10
In those days, men will have the Great Book before them [upon its return], wisdom will be revealed, the few will be gathered for the stand, it is the hour of trial. The dauntless ones will survive …
Manuscripts 4:4
… The flames going before will devour all the works of men, the waters following will sweep away whatever remains.The dew of death will fall softly, as a grey carpet over the cleared land .
Manuscripts 5:1
… IT TWISTED ABOUT ITSELF LIKE A COIL … It was not a great comet or a loosened star, being more like a fiery body of flame.
Manuscripts 5:4
This was the aspect of the DOOMSHAPE called the DESTROYER, when it appeared in days long gone by, in olden times…
Manuscripts 5:5
The DOOMSHAPE is like a circling ball of flame which scatters small fiery offspring in its train. It covers about a fifth part of the sky and sends writhing, snakelike fingers down to Earth …
Manuscripts 12:11
LET THE DESTROYER COME AS A WHIRLWIND OF THE BARREN PLACES …
Manuscripts 26:10
Be alert and strong … for the day of the next visitation, when doom reaches down from the skies …
Manuscripts 33:2
… THE DAYS OF THE YEARS WERE SHORTENED AND THE TIMES OF ALL THINGS ALTERED. THE SEASONS WERE TURNED AROUND …
Manuscripts 33:5
… FOUR TIMES THE STARS HAVE MOVED TO NEW POSITIONS and twice the sun has changed the direction of his journey. TWICE THE DESTROYER HAS STRUCK EARTH
Nibiru is actually a small solar system consisting of a rust red sun with seven planets that orbits our Sun every 2,800-3,600 years. When it passes by Earth, depending on the proximity to our surface, this object rips the oceans from their beds spilling them over the continents, causes pole shifts in our planet, burns away everything on the surface (near pass), and may create ice ages (climate rebound). There is more than enough historical evidence to conclude that Nibiru is real:
As previously discussed in my article, HAARP, Project NIMBUS, and the Fire of the Gods, DARPA is eagerly pursuing the capability of striking any target worldwide with “fire from the heavens”.
HAARP Status posted a magnitude 10 alert this morning, let’s investigate:
M10.0 Tennessee Valley Magnitude: 10.0 Wavelength: Long (see about section) Duration of climb: 3 Days Location: Tennessee Valley Date: 3/2/2012 – 16:00 UTC Quality: Excellent
Remarks: A longwave has been developing in this area for a few days and is the strongest seen since the project began. A 10.0 frequency with unknown reason.
“We strive to understand Gaia, so we can burn it with fire”
The evil scientists at DARPA and HAARP are constantly busy designing fascinating new ways to kill people, and their latest efforts may shock you (no pun intended).
As I detest conspiracies, let’s see what DARPA has planned for HAARP in 2012.
The Radiation Database is an attempt to document the world’s most powerful RF radiation sources in addition to just about anything else “geeky.” It’s what you get when you mix George Jetson with Google Earth.
This file is a labor of love. My nickname is “Resonated” and I am fascinated with all things radiant, resonant, and electromagnetic. EMR is modern magic, useful in so many ways, and these facilities are performing modern magic. I love science, and I find many of the facilities contained herein intriguing. I hope you will as well.
I found this excellent article on the history and evolution of upper atmosphere research and weapons of mass destruction. The article is text only, with no links, so for your viewing pleasure, I will animate this history with pictures and links. Anything in a block quote or in italics was added Enjoy!
Looking for information on other devices like HAARP around the world? GO HERE
HAARP, the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program has to be (at least for me) the most fascinating device on the planet. A source of much controversy, with stories of weather modification and earthquake warfare dominating the conspiracy rings, this article seeks to piece together a thorough understanding of this amazing facility, it’s capabilities, and it’s cousins.
HAARP PROJECT
Click for a lager image
Figure 1. An array of two dipole antennas.
Figure 2. An array of four dipole antennas. The pattern is sharper and sidelobes may be present.
Figure 3. An array of four dipoles in which the individual elements are driven at a predetermined relative phase.
The HAARP antenna array has a gain and a pattern shape that is a function of the frequency used. For the final, 180 element array, consisting of 15 columns by 12 rows of elements, the array gain will range from 100 (or 20 dB) at an operating frequency of 3 MHz to 1000 (or 30 dB) at the highest frequency, 10 MHz. The narrowest possible pattern width of 5 degrees will occur at the highest operating frequency, 10 MHz, as shown in Figure 4 to the left.
